The are performativity notion of expression. weather the incentive

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Last updated: January 15, 2020

Theimpact political violence on the direction, the nature and the involvement ofstate power on the wider society, culture and legislative conditions.

nationalsecurity and the deconstruction of civil liberties and the damage to the rule. Terrorism, is a psychological tactic that seeksto spread fear- inducing effects in atarget group wider the immediate audience through the actual or fearedindiscriminate targeting of non-combatants victims. Tosini wrote in ‘Understanding the terrorist threat’ highlightingfour conceptual objectives of theterrorist as, demonstrative and attention, intimidatoryand influence, coercive and political, and finally Propaganda driven. Aimed at bought the greater population,public and state powers, it is adapted asan extreme form violence. Robinson L ‘Whatterrorist wants’ (2010) conceptualized typical elements that make this form of violence distinct to any other. Itis political (A communication, that aims to influence behaviour), violent(violent based threat in order to extend the political, while maintaining andacquiring new levels of power and authority), symbolic (they are religious ormeaning full, base with an ideology), performed by a sub-state group(attempting to disrupt the powerful and show others that it is possible),Victims are not the intended audience (focus is on the ethe extendedpopulation the greater the population viewing the greater the psychologicaleffect) and Civilians are targeted (this is legitimately where it differs fromWAR) form of violence used to generate a state of terror.Inso far as terrorist activity areperformativity notion of expression. weatherthe incentive is historical or politically based, it is or can be defined bythe actors involved.

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Identification of two forms of distinct terrorist identityuse indiscriminate violence towards civilians. Distinguishingbetween violence of the states andviolence of sub state groups orindividuals. The former is classed as ‘state terror’ and the latter Terrorism(Wilkinson 2001). Within the ‘The war on terror’ lines between the two areactively blurring, where it is becoming increasingly difficult to distinguishthe ‘good’ and ‘evil’. In the formation of the narratives within media outlets,defining ‘them and us’. These forms of images are distinct in strengthening theideologies and false narrative that insinuate guilt by association of the politicaland legally created ‘suspect community’.

 Suspect communities’ manifestation and experiences in the UK of theIrish community in the 1970s to 1990s, and of the Muslim communities today,were brought into fruitful comparison. Racism, xenophobia,alienation, discrimination, violence, Fear, killings, dislocation, restrictivemovement, deconstruction of basic right and liberties, ‘Patrick Hilllyard firstapplication of the term “suspect community” to the Irish in Britain in the eraof the Prevention of Terrorism Act (PTA) and its more recent application toMuslims in the global war on terror’ (Breen- Symth, 2013). Pantazis andPemberton argue that Muslims have replaced the Irish as the ‘suspect community’in contemporary Britain and America. They define suspect community as ‘asub-group of the population that is singled out for state attention as being’problematic’. Specifically in terms ofpolicing, individuals may be targeted, not necessarily as a result of suspectedwrongdoing, but simply because of theirpresumed membership in the group. Race, ethnicity, religion, class, gender, language,accent, dress, political ideology or any combination of these factors may serveto delineate the sub-groupscharacteristics (Pantazis and Simon 2009). Suspectcommunity is not conceived of as a legal category, but a broader ‘sociologicalstudy of people’s experiences of the law rather than enquiry on the applicationand misapplication of legal rules’. Thus, they maintain that counter-terrorismaffects social identities and produces a sense of community.

Pantazis andPemberton envisage suspicion in the form of a pyramid, in which at the top, aminority of formal suspects is targeted by control orders and surveillance, inthe middle informal suspects are targeted by stop and search orders, andfinally at the bottom the whole community is targeted by media, political andcivil society discourses.Stemmingfrom the bases of national identity, distinction to be made to sperate good andevil. This othering of thesecommunities by society, basing their connection to terrorist activity throughstereotyping, dissociation, dislocation and increased rhetoric of nationalidentity ‘us and them’, leading to a stressing of these perceived abnormalitiesof those peoples and communities perceived engagement with those who engaged inviolent attacks on the national identity. An attack on idealised version of Britishand American values and symbols. This is portrayed in two ways and two extremeopposites; the ‘madness’ and irrationality of the ‘Irish threat’ in the past,and the evil rationality of a faith-based ideology the ‘Muslim Threat’ in the21st century. Minority ethnic/religious communities who are perceived to beassociated with the violence are characterised as communities that might beharbouring extremists and threatening individuals. According to Said colonization of the Arab World, provided arationalization of “the West” constructed “the East” as extremely different andinferior, and therefore in need of Western intervention or “rescue”.

“Orientalism” is a way of seeing thatimagines, emphasizes, exaggerates and distorts differences of Arab peoples andcultures as compared to that of Europe and the U.S. It often involves seeing othercultures as exotic, backward, uncivilized, and at times dangerous. Numerous studies have shown mass media to articulatedominant social values, ideologies and developments, and that these characteristicsoften lead to misrepresentation or stereotypical portrayals of minorities inthe media (Hall, 1990).

The use of the media to incite a fear based control ofa population, also used a mechanism to manufacture consent, throughnormalization, socialization and popularization.  The media has also played a part in fuellingthis anti-Islamic feeling. Irresponsible and unbalanced reporting has helpedfoster stereotypes and misconceptions. Unfortunately, for the many people whorely upon the media as a principle source of information, these images are alltoo easy to believe. Islam is frequently portrayed in terms of fundamentalism.The images on our televisions, be they news coverage or fictional programmes,are too often of extremist Muslim action, without equal representation ofmajority moderate Muslim followers.

A link is commonly made between Islam,terrorism and (an emotive and often sensationalised media issue in itself)asylum seekers. Integration of the other and acceptance, without any loss ofcultural and social respect is an ideal. Points of conflict and tension runhigh, when sought integration into society comes at a cost.Thenormalization and integration of terrorism to everyday language, creates anarrative within the subconscious of those that identify with the ‘nationalidentity’, thus justifying the increase and radicalization of state andmilitary legislative power. Which directly attack, deconstruct and limit therule of law, civil and moral liberties. Normalization, as Foucault hasinsisted, is one of the central instruments of the exercise of power because itimposes homogenization on groups, and fixes differences, gaps and levelsbetween groups (Rabinow, 1984). Whenever national security is threatened, byeither imaginary or real suspects, the government and parliament office shareda common self-understanding and appreciation of the role of state institutions.

The protection of the national interest or security, and of the control ofviolence imagined or real. An urgent sense of risk and responsibility to thewider population results in the passage of illiberal emergency measuresdrenched in secret references to a battle between good and evil, which has beenpicked up by the media. Despite differences in political and ideologicalaffiliation, Labour and Conservative governments, within the West, similarlyendorsed ‘extreme’ emergency measures to fight the ‘extreme’ methods of theterrorists. Terrorism remains a central security concernfor the state and its response continues to be couched within the notion of’emergency’ and ‘exceptionalism’, despite the apparent normalisation ofterrorism with the Terrorism Act 2000 andAnti-Terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (Britain), Patriot Act 2001 and USAFreedom Act 2015 (USA) and the Special Power 1922 (North Ireland) the Official secretsACT 1920 , through which counter-terrorism laws were made permanent, anddespite pressures for the respect of Human Rights. The Secretary-General of theUN has described the rule of law as “a principle of governance in which allpersons, institutions and entities, public and private, including the Stateitself, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforcedand independently adjudicated, and which are consistent with internationalhuman rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensureadherence to the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law,accountability to the law, fairness in the application of the law, separationof powers, participation in decision-making, legal certainty, avoidance ofarbitrariness and procedural and legal transparency'(https://www.

un.org/ruleoflaw/what-is-the-rule-of-law/).The Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 and the constitutions of muchof western nation states, situate ‘therule of law’ as pillar to a functioning democratic society. Diceysees the Rule of law trough two meanings, Firstly, ‘That no man is punishable or can lawfully be made to suffer in body orgoods except for a distinct breach of law established in an ordinary legalmanner before the ordinary courts of the land’, most be proven to have breachedof law, through the leagallity of the judicial system, innocent on till provenguilty. Secondly ‘but that here,everyman, whatever be his rank or condition, is subject to the ordinary law andamendable to the jurisdiction of the ordinary tribunals’ That no one personis above the law or oversee the law, executive power of the patriot act,presidential power invoked, the same law same courts, Home secretary inNorthern Ireland and Britain. TheOfficial secrets ACT 1920, Special Power 1922, the Northern Ireland act and thePrevention of Terrorism Act 1974, The Terrorism Act 2000 and Anti-Terrorism,Crime and Security Act 2001 (Ireland & Britain), Patriot Act 2001 and USAFreedom Act 2015 (USA), implement extra state and public powers, in common withother terrorism legalisation they were formed to retract power of the rule oflaw and empower the state directly. Common factors within these ACTs are:increase and expansion of surveillance capability, flexibility of arrestwarrants, integration procedures, executive orders, detention orders,imprisonment without trail, extradition measures and these Acts are enforced aspreventive measures.

Anyone suspected of involvement in ill-defined terroristactivities, can and will be subjected to these laws. Enforcement towards aperceived threat encompasses the wider suspect communities, mass round up ofthose that fit the stereotype, stop and search, restriction on movement. Thecreation of a suspect community and suspect identity, the criminalization ofthe people Irish and Muslims alike within these communities, people from thesecommunities are drawn into the legal system irrespective of statues or ofbehaviour, as docile bodies which enables those in power categorization andidentification.

The creation of a dual justice system ‘one rule for us, onerule for them’ Ratherthe stop terrorism these counter terrorism act, generate more support, intensifyrepression, reinforced violence by state laws and state radicalization policies.Temporaryto permanent, Acts creation as part of counter terrorism are enacted astemporary solutions to an immediate problem. Civil Authorities (Special Powers)Act (Northern Ireland) 1922-1974 when it was replaced by the Prevention ofterrorism Act 1974 within these acts specialized trail without jury andspecialized sitting of secret court. Understoodto violate human rights and liberties,The individual’s right to life should beconsidered inviolable except in certain highly restricted and extremecircumstances, such as the use of deadly force to protect one’s own or others’lives. The right to liberty is considered an unalterable aspect of the humancondition.

Central to this idea of liberty is the understanding that thepolitical or personal obligations of parents or ancestors cannot belegitimately forced on people. The right to liberty includes personal freedom:the private realm in which the individual is free to act, to think and tobelieve, and which the government cannot legitimately invade; politicalfreedom: the right to participate freely in the political process, choose andremove public officials, to be governed under a rule of law; the right to afree flow of information and ideas, open debate and right of assembly; andeconomic freedom: the right to acquire, use, transfer and dispose of privateproperty without unreasonable governmental interference; the right to seekemployment wherever one pleases; to change employment at will; and to engage inany lawful economic activity. It is the right of citizens in the Americanconstitutional democracy to attempt to attain – “pursue” – happiness in theirown way, so long as they do not infringe upon the rights of others. Peopleshould be treated fairly in the distribution of the benefits and burdens ofsociety, the correction of wrongs and injuries, and in the gathering ofinformation and making of decisions.

All citizens have: political equality andare not denied these rights unless by due process of law; legal equality andshould be treated as equals before the law; social equality so as there shouldbe no class hierarchy sanctioned by law; economic equality which tends tostrengthen political and social equality for extreme economic inequality tendsto undermine all other forms of equality and should therefore be avoided. Varietyin culture and ethnic background, race, lifestyle, and beliefs are not onlypermissible but desirable and beneficial in a pluralist society. Citizens canlegitimately demand that truth-telling as refraining from lying and fulldisclosure by government be the rule, since trust in the veracity of governmentconstitutes an essential element of the bond between governors and governed.

 

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